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Reproductive disorders in dogs
Szabová, Martina ; Rozinek, Jiří (advisor) ; Karlasová, Barbora (referee)
This labour is about reproductive disfunctions of dogs males and females. Prevention and early diagnostics can help to start with medical cure and finaly reinstate animal. Vaginal cytology is cheap, simple, considerate method, which helps define stage of females cycle or diagnose some patological conditions of organism. Bacterial cultivation of vagina or uterus shows natural microflora or pathogenical microorganism, who cause inflammation or sepsis. Sonography helps to find tumors,infections, mineralization or cysts.
The most common tumors are males prostate tumor or females tumor of mammary glands. New studies speculated about global genetic expresion of classification tumors depends on specific examples. Pyometra is one of the most common reproduction disease of females before they reaches ten years. It is an inflammation of uterus with cumulated septic fluid inside and mostly graduaded to ovariohisteroctomy. High concetration of chemokine helps to better diagnose inflammation of organism. Brucella cannis is serious disease, which seriously harms juveniles. In that case we talk about zoonosis which harms humans as well. Common tests who help us to diagnose problems are ELISA, PCR or serology. Canis herpes is expanded around whole world and its prevalency antibodies are very different. For detection of virus is mostly used VNT test, ELISA, PCR or hemaglutination. Abnormal sexual diferentiation is mostly disorder of females reprodaction system, abnormalties of chromosomes and defects on fenotype. Abnormal chromosomes we can categorize as syndrome XXY, syndrom XO, syndrom XXX or real hermaphrodites and chimers. Individuals with defects at gonades have chromosomes XX or XY, but their sexual glands are in contradiction with chromoses. Fenotype problems at individuals mostly have same chromoses as their sexual signs, but their fenotype does not fit to their sexual glands. For example pseudohermaphrodism.
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Tumor proliferation of mammary gland in bitches
Musilová, Lucie ; Rajmon, Radko (advisor) ; Dita, Dita (referee)
Thanks to breeders' and veterinary care, dogs' age is increasing, which results in proportional increase in diseases, including cancer. Mammary gland cancer is the most common oncologic problem in bitches.
Development of neoplasms is affected by endogenous factors (for example hormones), and exogenous factors also (radiation, carcinogenic substances, etc.). These factors cause mutations, which affects the formation of cancer growth.
We divide tumours on true and false ones. False tumours are e.g. cysts. True tumours are either benign or malignant, which create daughter centres called metastasis. Malignant tumours bear worse prognosis than benign tumours. Metastasis and tumours affect inidividual's organism by e.g. negative effect on organ function. Individual can stimulate tumours by e.g. hormone secretion.
Tumour classification is important because of determining the right treatment and prognosis for the future. Classification is divided in three parts: typing, grading, staging. Typing divides tumours into groups by their effect on tissues, or by individual tumours. Grading divides tumour by level of their differentiation. Staging classifies tumours by TNM, where T defines tumour's size, N defines level of lymphatics invasion and M defines metastasis formation.
Mamary gland function is divided in three physiological phases: mammary gland development, lactation and galactopoesis. Mammary gland is probably modified sweat gland. Lactation is affected by hormone prolactin, which supports mammary gland development. Galactopoesis is state, which maintains lactation. It's important to prevent stress in this phase, because stress hormones block oxytocin, so milk ejection isn't coming about.
Effect of hormones also change by estrous cycle phase. In bitch, there are those phases: proestrus, estrus, diestrus and anestrus. Estrous cycle deffects can occur and those deffects can cause so called false pregnancy. This state can result in diseases like pyometra or mastitis.
Etiopathogenesis of mammary tumours is affected by two kind of factors, endogenous and exogenous. Prevention is also important, this includes more quality care and feed. Another important prevention can be adequate exercise and potential sterilisation of the female. If the animal is already ill, then there is important to discuss it with veterinarian and start treatment as soon as possible. Firt method of treatment is surgical, which is divided by mammary gland invasion. Other method is chemotherapy, which is becoming more and more frequent as support treatment method after surgery. Third method is called radiological. It's relatively new type of therapy, but it is, unfortunately, still relatively expensive. Last method is called hormonal. Again, it is used usually as support treatment after surgical removal of the tumour.
There are used many diagnostic methods for clinical evaluation of mammary gland tumours, e.g. cytology, USG, RTG. Prognosis determination and post-surgical care is also important. Main complication is disease recurrence, which is more frequently occuring in malignant tumours than in benign tumours.
Most important is prevention and treatment start as soon as possible after diagnosis assesment. It is appropriate to not to burden breeding bitch with frequent litters, or let veterinarian perform ovariohysterectomy (OHE) on bitch, which is not used for breeding. Ovariohysterectomy reduces probability of development of this disease.It is very important for breeder to regularly check mammary gland by palpation and immediately visit veterinarian with every change or lump.
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Bitchs pregnancy and aftercare about bitch and her puppies
Šírková, Eliška ; Chmelíková, Eva (advisor) ; Fiala Šebková, Naděžda (referee)
The period from the beginning of rutting, mating, pregnancy to birth and following birth time is a difficult period for the whole female dogs organism. The reproductive activity of a female dog is characteristic by physiological, ethological and somatic changes corresponding to each stage of this period. After setting of suitable time of mating, the progesteron level is detected by sampling of peripheral blood. Possible is also assessment of number of foetus by X-ray in time when puppies have ossified bones. Both of these methods can prove not only frequency of litters but also possible complications from side of mother or puppy.
The hormonal activity is an important part of genitals during the pregnancy. Their activity and central control are an important factor for a normal development of a foetus and for a physiological birth.
Some complications can happen during the birth because of the material or fetal causes. Material causes occur more than fetal ones and the most frequent complication is lack of contraction of the uterine muscles or the narrow pelvis. Fetal causes are less frequent but they are more serious. It can occur to wrong posture of a puppy in birth canals or a foetus can be abnormal big.
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Vaginal Cytology in the Bitch
Doudová, Kateřina ; Krejčířová, Romana (advisor) ; Ptáčková, Zuzana (referee)
Vaginal cytology is microscopic examination method which is used to evaluation phases of oestrus cycle and possibility of result time the best date for successful breeding. Substance of the examination is subjective evaluation of the epithelium and cell morphology. Vaginal cytology is influenced by levels of sexual hormones which are typical for individual phases of oestrus cycle. Regular physiologic changes on internal and external sexual organs happen during oestrus cycle. Canine behaviour, espacially with regard on refusal or accept dogs, is depending on phases of interval. Oestrus is in the bitch usually twice a year, in 5 to 12 month cycles. Oestrus cycle is devided into individual phases: proestrus, estrus, metestrus and anestrus. In terms of sexual behavior of females the whole estrous cycle can be distinguished into a period of sexual willingness (proestrus, estrus) and the period of sexual reluctance (metestrus, anestrus). Proestrus begins as a regression of the corpus luteum and finishes with onset of estrus. At the end of proestrus LH surge occurs after which further 24 to 48 hours ovulation follows. Proestrus is characterized by progressively increasing size of the vulva, vaginal epithelial proliferation, cornification epithelum of vagina and vulva swelling. For this stage parabasal and intermedial cells, erythrocytes and leukocytes are typical in the cytological smear of vagina.
Estrus is the period of sexual willingness. In this period matured follicle burst and subsequent egg ovulation. In this cytology smear dominating superficial squamous cells are typical for this period. There can observed erytrocytes. In initial period of estrus too large intermediate cells often appear. In the next period, metestrus, the corpus luteum is gradually developing. Cytology smear from vagina is characterized by the presence of large numbers of neutrophils, typical are parabasal and small intermediate cells. In anestrus manifests luteal activity of the corpus luteum. Vaginal cytology is characterized by finding parabasal, small intermediate cells and leukocytes. Vaginal cytology is a simple, quick, noninvasive and inexpensive procedure that allows us to identify the stage of the reproductive cycle of bitches and to diagnose some pathologic conditions of the genital tract (hormonal dysfunctions, inflammatory or neoplastic diseases). More than other domestic animals vaginal cytologic changes are expressed in the bitch which correlate with each phase of the estrous cycle.
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Pseudogravidity in the Female Dog
Rybnikářová, Kateřina ; Krejčířová, Romana (advisor) ; Ptáčková, Zuzana (referee)
A condition known as false pregnancy or pseudopregnancy characterises a normal course of the luteal phase of the reproductive cycle in non-pregnant bitches with abnormal external signs mimicking pregnancy and parturition. The cause of pseudopregnancy is probably an increased sensitivity of some bitches to normal internal hormonal changes during the luteal phase of the reproductive cycle. Above all it is an abnormal reaction of the organism to increased progesterone or prolactin levels. Pathophysiology of emergence of external signs of a pseudopregnancy has not yet been fully clarified. Onset of clinical signs of a pseudopregnancy (especially on mammary glands) is linked to a reduction in progesterone levels and increased prolactin concentration in peripheral blood.
Non-pregnant bitches exhibit variously intense signs of pregnancy and parturition in 2 - 8-week intervals after typical oestrus. The intensity of signs can vary from slight swelling of mammary glands with mild milk secretion to general signs of pregnancy, such as increased appetite, changes in appetite, abdominal volume enlargement, preparation of nests for the young. General signs may culminate in an imitation of parturition. Therapy is not required in cases when the bitch shows less severe signs because a pseudopregnancy is not a real disorder of the reproductive cycle and it by itself does not reduce fertility of the bitch. An appropriate course of treatment for bitches showing a strong secretion of milk from mammary glands should be consulted with a veterinarian and the occurrence of mastitis, inflammation of the uterus and other diseases should be prevented.
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Duty cycle bull terrier type
TÖRÖKOVÁ, Jacquelina
This work deals with the history of born, origin, domestication of the dog and various types of bull terriers. Pointing at the crossing of the Bulldog with a black terrier. This work also deals with the different types of dogs Bull, their character, description. This work answers the question, ?Why the pit bull is not dangerous to people", evaluates conflict situations, and shows how conflicts can occur. It mentions the current differences and cons of each breed. It places an attempt to create a new giant of American Bully and also eveluates the unknown type of gulterier. This paper introduces the basics of breeding dogs from purchasing the puppy to its recurring development, communication, behavior and training. The work refers to disease prevention, training and legal responsibility of breeding and finally recommends the use of Terrier ? the type of bul for practice incl. sports use.
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